Methodological considerations in the study of perceived discrimination at work: a scoping review protocol. / Consideraciones metodológicas en el estudio de la discriminación laboral percibida: protocolo de una revisión panorámica.

Introduction: Perceived discrimination is a complex phenomenon of study and has significant repercussions on people's health. Many studies confirm the negative effects of stress on workers' health in the workplace, affecting both their physical and mental health. However, there is no consensus when investigating the construct of "perceived work discrimination". Objective: To examine how perceived workplace discrimination has been investigated, considering its association with health and occupational outcomes. Methods: A scoping review will be performed according to the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute. We will search for published articles in english and spanish between 2000 and 2022 in the Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and PsycInfo databases. Through the Rayyan application, two reviewers will independently select titles and abstracts. Then, they will review the full texts. Subsequently, relevant information about the selected articles will be extracted, and their methodological quality will be evaluated. Finally, a narrative synthesis of the main results found will be made. Discussion: We expect the findings to improve methodological aspects when investigating perceived workplace discrimination, facilitating decision-making for those researchers who wish to address perceived work discrimination.

Introducción: La discriminación percibida es un fenómeno complejo de estudiar y que tiene grandes repercusiones en la salud de las personas. En el ámbito laboral, existe un gran número de estudios que confirma los efectos negativos en la salud de los trabajadores, afectando la salud física y psicológica de estos. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso al momento de investigar el constructo "discriminación laboral percibida". Objetivo: Explorar como se ha investigado la discriminación laboral percibida, considerando su asociación con salud y resultados ocupacionales. Métodos: Se realizará una revisión panorámica de acuerdo con las guías PRISMA para revisiones panorámicas y del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Se efectuará la búsqueda de los artículos publicados en idioma inglés y español entre los años 2000 y 2022 en las bases de datos Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed y PsycInfo. A través de la aplicación Rayyan, dos revisores realizarán de manera independiente la selección de títulos y resúmenes. Luego, los mismos revisarán los textos completos. Posteriormente, se extraerá la información relevante sobre los artículos seleccionados y se evaluará la calidad metodológica de estos. Finalmente, se hará una síntesis narrativa de los principales resultados encontrados. Discusión: Se espera que los hallazgos contribuyan a mejorar los aspectos metodológicos al momento de investigar la discriminación laboral percibida y facilitar la toma de decisiones de aquellos investigadores que deseen abordar la discriminación laboral percibida.

Consideraciones metodológicas en el estudio de la discriminación laboral percibida: protocolo de una revisión panorámica / Methodological considerations in the study of perceived discrimination at work: a scoping review protocol

Introducción La discriminación percibida es un fenómeno complejo de estudiar y que tiene grandes repercusiones en la salud de las personas. En el ámbito laboral, existe un gran número de estudios que confirma los efectos negativos en la salud de los trabajadores, afectando la salud física y psicológica de estos. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso al momento de investigar el constructo "discriminación laboral percibida". Objetivo Explorar como se ha investigado la discriminación laboral percibida, considerando su asociación con salud y resultados ocupacionales. Métodos Se realizará una revisión panorámica de acuerdo con las guías PRISMA para revisiones panorámicas y del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Se efectuará la búsqueda de los artículos publicados en idioma inglés y español entre los años 2000 y 2022 en las bases de datos Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed y PsycInfo. A través de la aplicación Rayyan, dos revisores realizarán de manera independiente la selección de títulos y resúmenes. Luego, los mismos revisarán los textos completos. Posteriormente, se extraerá la información relevante sobre los artículos seleccionados y se evaluará la calidad metodológica de estos. Finalmente, se hará una síntesis narrativa de los principales resultados encontrados. Discusión Se espera que los hallazgos contribuyan a mejorar los aspectos metodológicos al momento de investigar la discriminación laboral percibida y facilitar la toma de decisiones de aquellos investigadores que deseen abordar la discriminación laboral percibida.

Introduction Perceived discrimination is a complex phenomenon of study and has significant repercussions on people's health. Many studies confirm the negative effects of stress on workers' health in the workplace, affecting both their physical and mental health. However, there is no consensus when investigating the construct of "perceived work discrimination". Objective To examine how perceived workplace discrimination has been investigated, considering its association with health and occupational outcomes. Methods A scoping review will be performed according to the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute. We will search for published articles in english and spanish between 2000 and 2022 in the Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and PsycInfo databases. Through the Rayyan application, two reviewers will independently select titles and abstracts. Then, they will review the full texts. Subsequently, relevant information about the selected articles will be extracted, and their methodological quality will be evaluated. Finally, a narrative synthesis of the main results found will be made. Discussion We expect the findings to improve methodological aspects when investigating perceived workplace discrimination, facilitating decision-making for those researchers who wish to address perceived work discrimination.

Do older workers suffer more workplace injuries? A systematic review.

Aging populations are a dramatically increased worldwide trend, both in developed and developing countries. This study examines the prevalence of fatal and non-fatal work-related injuries between young (<45 years old) and older (≥45 years old) workers. A systematic literature review aimed at examining studies comparing safety outcomes, namely fatal and non-fatal injuries, between older and younger workers. Results show that 50% of the reviewed papers suggest that fatal injuries are suffered mainly by older workers, while the remaining 50% show no differences between older and younger workers. Regarding non-fatal injuries, 49% of the reviewed papers found no relationship between workers' age; 31% found increased age as a protective factor against non-fatal injuries; and 19% showed that older workers had a higher risk of non-fatal injuries than younger ones. This review suggests that older workers experience higher rates of fatal injuries, and younger workers experience higher rates of non-fatal injuries.

Rocky reef biodiversity survey: Punta Pardelas, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Temperate rocky reefs in the SW Atlantic are productive areas that support highly diverse communities of invertebrates, algae and fishes. Rocky outcrops form complex structures which offer a diversity of microhabitats that lead to a great variety of co-existing species. Subtidal biodiversity within the Natural Protected Area Península Valdés is largely unexplored and studies are mainly limited to fish. A total of 560 high definition photoquadrats from seven rocky reefs (1-25 m depth) at Punta Pardelas were obtained during March 2019. In total, 4491 occurrences were recorded and identified to phyla (n = 2), superclasses (n = 1), classes (n = 5), subclasses (n = 2), orders (n = 2), families (n = 1), subfamilies (n = 1), genera (n = 10) and species (n = 43) levels. This dataset was developed to provide a baseline inventory of Punta Pardelas inside the Natural Protected Area, that was only partially reported more than 50 years ago. Such data represent the first step towards monitoring these less-accessible ecosystems. NEW INFORMATION: Most of the available information about Atlantic Patagonian marine biodiversity is related to rocky intertidal communities or rocky reef fish communities. Despite having more than 4000 km of coastline, in the last 20 years only four studies have focused on subtidal benthic communities from shallow rocky reefs in Argentina (Genzano et al. 2011, Rechimont et al. 2013, Bravo et al. 2015, Bravo et al. 2020a). However, none of them described the epi-benthic community of different surface orientations on the rocky reefs. This dataset includes several surface orientations (i.e. horizontal, vertical, overhang and cave floor) and their microhabitats. We found almost double the number of taxa previously reported for the area. Through stratified sampling of different surface orientations, we recorded species that are often overlooked and thus registered as part of the existing biodiversity. For example, overhang surfaces in our study showed a unique assemblage and a great diversity of sponges. This work will be valuable as baseline information that is currently out of date in Nuevo Gulf rocky reefs.

Developing countries and the use of ISO Standard 11228-3 for risk management of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Limbs (WRMSDs-ULs): The case of Chile.

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Limbs (WRMSDs-ULs) are one of the most common occupational diseases worldwide. Repetitive motion is one of the main risk factors associated with these conditions. Several efforts have been made within the scientific community in order to develop specific methods to assess the risk that repetitive work represents. Furthermore, internationally coordinated work has resulted in the generation of a series of ISO standards to address issues around ergonomics in the workplace. In 2012, Chile adopted the ISO11228-3 standard checklist in its regulatory process, creating the first technical standard of risk management for repetitive motion. The aim of this study is to present the results of a nation-wide online survey of Chilean Health and Safety Practitioners and Ergonomists, which was conducted in order to identify their level of application experience, most commonly adopted practices, and opinions on the first Chilean Standard for WRMSDs-ULs risk assessment. A second aim is to discuss common issues and possible improvements in public policies, and the adoption of international instruments by developing countries. A total of 331 respondents completed the survey (183 Ergonomists and 148 non-ergonomist). It was observed that a number of the participants consider that the adaptation of the ISO standard has several issues, ranging from simple ones as wording and format to more complex ones regarding overall structure, logic, and ease of use. One of the main issues expressed is the fact that during the adaptation process the instrument is applied in multitask jobs, without providing clear instructions or training. Furthermore, among the top three most used assessment methods were RULA and REBA, which are posture-driven, instead of methods validated for repetitive motion. The issues detected by the Chilean OHS practitioners are common in developing countries, where an intersection of lack of resources, public agency authoritarianism, and poor communication between public-private and public-public organizations contribute to poor consultation, validation, and adaptation processes. Suggestions to improve the current Chilean standard, as well as considerations for developing countries, are presented.

Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). DESIGN: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: WHO covid-19 database, a comprehensive multilingual source of global covid-19 literature, up to 3 December 2021 and six additional Chinese databases up to 20 February 2021. Studies identified as of 1 December 2021 were included in the analysis. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised clinical trials in which people with suspected, probable, or confirmed covid-19 were randomised to drug treatment or to standard care or placebo. Pairs of reviewers independently screened potentially eligible articles. METHODS: After duplicate data abstraction, a bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using a modification of the Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool, and the certainty of the evidence using the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) approach. For each outcome, interventions were classified in groups from the most to the least beneficial or harmful following GRADE guidance. RESULTS: 463 trials enrolling 166 581 patients were included; 267 (57.7%) trials and 89 814 (53.9%) patients are new from the previous iteration; 265 (57.2%) trials evaluating treatments with at least 100 patients or 20 events met the threshold for inclusion in the analyses. Compared with standard care, three drugs reduced mortality in patients with mostly severe disease with at least moderate certainty: systemic corticosteroids (risk difference 23 fewer per 1000 patients, 95% credible interval 40 fewer to 7 fewer, moderate certainty), interleukin-6 receptor antagonists when given with corticosteroids (23 fewer per 1000, 36 fewer to 7 fewer, moderate certainty), and Janus kinase inhibitors (44 fewer per 1000, 64 fewer to 20 fewer, high certainty). Compared with standard care, two drugs probably reduce hospital admission in patients with non-severe disease: nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (36 fewer per 1000, 41 fewer to 26 fewer, moderate certainty) and molnupiravir (19 fewer per 1000, 29 fewer to 5 fewer, moderate certainty). Remdesivir may reduce hospital admission (29 fewer per 1000, 40 fewer to 6 fewer, low certainty). Only molnupiravir had at least moderate quality evidence of a reduction in time to symptom resolution (3.3 days fewer, 4.8 fewer to 1.6 fewer, moderate certainty); several others showed a possible benefit. Several drugs may increase the risk of adverse effects leading to drug discontinuation; hydroxychloroquine probably increases the risk of mechanical ventilation (moderate certainty). CONCLUSION: Corticosteroids, interleukin-6 receptor antagonists, and Janus kinase inhibitors probably reduce mortality and confer other important benefits in patients with severe covid-19. Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir probably reduce admission to hospital in patients with non-severe covid-19. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This review was not registered. The protocol is publicly available in the supplementary material. READERS' NOTE: This article is a living systematic review that will be updated to reflect emerging evidence. Updates may occur for up to two years from the date of original publication. This is the fifth version of the original article published on 30 July 2020 (BMJ 2020;370:m2980), and previous versions can be found as data supplements. When citing this paper please consider adding the version number and date of access for clarity.

Morphological changes of the cellularity in the prostatic gland from patients with confirmed cancer: Gleason level and presence of eosinophils and mast cells: cellular bioindicators / Cambios morfológicos de la celularidad en la glándula prostática de pacientes con cáncer confirmado: nivel de gleason y presencia de eosinófilos y mastocitos: bioindicadores celulares

The different pathologies of the prostate, involve the presence of a new microenvironment where inflammatory cells are actively recruited. This research explores the presence of mast cells and eosinophils associated with age and the evaluation of prostate cancer progress (Gleason Index). Forty two biopsies of anonymized patients, with confirmed prostate cancer, were used for histological analysis for eosinophils and mast cells and subsequent determination of Gleason index according to age. The results of the histological analyzes show the presence of eosinophils and mast cells in prostate biopsies with confirmed cancer. In the multiple correlation studies, a high correlation was observed between the presence of lymphocytes and the age of the patient diagnosed with prostate cancer, same correlation was observed between the patient's age and higher Gleason Index (Pearson and Spearman p< 0.05). It is concluded that in prostate biopsies from Chilean patients with confirmed cancer, eosinophilia and tissue mastocytosis were observed. Correlation analyzes show a direct correlation between older patients, higher Gleason index and presence of mast cell. Regarding eosinophilia, only a correlation between age and Gleason index was observed Further studies are suggested to determine that the presence of eosinophils and mast cells can be used as early bioindicators of prostate cancer.

Las diferentes patologías de próstata, involucran la presencia de un nuevo microambiente donde las células inflamatorias son activamente reclutadas. La presente investigación explora la presencia de mastocitos y eosinófilos asociadas a la edad y la evaluación del progreso del cáncer de próstata según índice de Gleason. Cuarenta y dos biopsias de pacientes anonimizados, con cáncer prostático confirmados, fueron utilizadas para su análisis histológico para eosinófilos y mastocitos y posterior determinación del índice de Gleason según edad. Los resultados de los análisis histológicos, muestran la presencia de eosinófilos y mastocitos en biopsias de próstata con cáncer confirmado. En los estudios de correlación múltiple, se observó una alta correlación entre la presencia de linfocitos, mastocitos y la edad del paciente diagnosticado con cáncer prostático, igual correlación se observó entre la edad del paciente y mayor índice de Gleason (Pearson y Spearman p<0,05). Se concluyó que en las biopsias de próstata de pacientes chilenos con cáncer confirmado, se observó eosinofilia y mastocitosis tisular. Los análisis de correlación muestran una correlación directa entre pacientes de mayor edad, índice de Gleason más alto y la presencia de mastocitos. Con respecto a la eosinofilia, solo se observó una correlación entre la edad y el índice de Gleason. Se sugieren estudios adicionales para determinar que la presencia de eosinófilos y mastocitos puede usarse como bioindicadores tempranos del cáncer de próstata.

Road traffic accidents of the elderly in Chile between the years 2008-2017: A register-based descriptive study. / Siniestros de tránsito de las personas mayores en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017: estudio descriptivo.

Objective: To determine whether Chilean elderly persons have higher rates of traffic incidents, resulting in death or injury, compared to non-older adults between 2008 and 2017. Method: The databases of the National Traffic Safety Commission of the last ten years and the data of inhabitants according to the projections made by the National Statistics Institute were used. Effect measures and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Older adults in Chile had 0.5 times the rate of suffering a traffic accident, 0.6 times the rate of injury, and 1.3 times the rate of dying in a traffic accident when compared against non-elderly adults. Antofagasta and Arica were the regions with the lowest and highest occurrence of death for the elderly, respectively. The leading causes of traffic accidents were the imprudence of the driver and pedestrian, which presented 1.6 and 2.6 times the death rate when compared against non-elderly adults. Of the main types of traffic accidents, only when the pedestrian was hit by a vehicle, the elderly had a higher occurrence of death (rate ratio: 2.4). Conclusions: The elderly presented greater vulnerability to die in a traffic accident. Substantial differences are seen across different regions. Future research should address the characteristics of the users, the strategies that could help them to have better interaction, and promote health with a focus on road safety in the elderly.

Objetivo: Determinar si las personas mayores tienen mayor tasa de sufrir siniestros de tránsito, de fallecer o de lesionarse en estos, en comparación con personas adultas en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017. Método: Se utilizaron las bases de datos de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad de Tránsito de los últimos 10 años y los datos de habitantes según las proyecciones realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Se calcularon las medidas de efecto e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Las personas mayores en Chile tuvieron 0,5 veces la tasa de sufrir un siniestro de tránsito; 0,6 veces la tasa de lesionar y 1,3 veces la tasa de fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito que presentan las personas adultas. Antofagasta y Arica fueron las regiones con menor y mayor ocurrencia de fallecimientos de personas mayores. Las principales causas de siniestro fueron la imprudencia del conductor y peatón, las que a su vez presentaron 1,6 y 2,6 veces la tasa de fallecimiento en personas adultas. De los principales tipos de siniestros, sólo en los atropellos las personas mayores tuvieron mayor ocurrencia de muerte (razón de tasas 2,4). Conclusiones: Confirma la mayor vulnerabilidad a fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito de las personas mayores. Se aprecian grandes diferencias a través de las diversas regiones del país. Las futuras investigaciones deben abordar las características de los usuarios, las estrategias que podrían ayudar a estos a tener una mejor interacción y promover la salud con foco en la seguridad vial en las personas mayores.

Siniestros de tránsito de las personas mayores en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017: estudio descriptivo / Road traffic accidents of the elderly in Chile between the years 2008-2017: a register-based descriptive study

OBJETIVO: Determinar si las personas mayores tienen mayor tasa de sufrir siniestros de tránsito, de fallecer o de lesionarse en estos, en comparación con personas adultas en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017. MÉTODO: Se utilizaron las bases de datos de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad de Tránsito de los últimos 10 años y los datos de habitantes según las proyecciones realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Se calcularon las medidas de efecto e intervalos de confianza del 95%. RESULTADOS: Las personas mayores en Chile tuvieron 0,5 veces la tasa de sufrir un siniestro de tránsito; 0,6 veces la tasa de lesionar y 1,3 veces la tasa de fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito que presentan las personas adultas. Antofagasta y Arica fueron las regiones con menor y mayor ocurrencia de fallecimientos de personas mayores. Las principales causas de siniestro fueron la imprudencia del conductor y peatón, las que a su vez presentaron 1,6 y 2,6 veces la tasa de fallecimiento en personas adultas. De los principales tipos de siniestros, sólo en los atropellos las personas mayores tuvieron mayor ocurrencia de muerte (razón de tasas 2,4). CONCLUSIONES: Confirma la mayor vulnerabilidad a fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito de las personas mayores. Se aprecian grandes diferencias a través de las diversas regiones del país. Las futuras investigaciones deben abordar las características de los usuarios, las estrategias que podrían ayudar a estos a tener una mejor interacción y promover la salud con foco en la seguridad vial en las personas mayores.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if older adults in Chile have higher rates of traffic incidents, resulting in death or injury when compared to younger adults between 2008 and 2017. METHODS: The databases of the National Traffic Safety Commission of the last ten years and the data of inhabitants according to the projections made by the National Statistics Institute were used. Effect measures and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The elderly in Chile had 0.5 times the rate of suffering a traffic accident, 0.6 times the rate of injury, and 1.3 times the rate of dying in a traffic accident when compared against non-elderly adults. Antofagasta and Arica were the regions with the lowest and highest occurrence of death for older adults, respectively. The leading causes of traffic accidents were the imprudence of the driver and pedestrian, which presented 1.6 and 2.6 times the death rate when compared against non-elderly adults. Of the main types of traffic accidents, only when the pedestrian was hit by a vehicle, the elderly had a higher occurrence of death (rate ratio 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Older adults presented a greater vulnerability to death by traffic accidents. Substantial differences are seen across different regions. Future research should address the characteristics of the users, the strategies that could help them to have better interaction, and promote health with a focus on road safety for older people.

Effectiveness of digital interventions based on mobile phones for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review protocol. / Efectividad de las intervenciones digitales basadas en teléfonos móviles para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual: protocolo de revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, are an important public health problem. Every day, over one million persons become infected with a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Health systems are searching for solutions to improve sex education and change the sexual behavior of people in order to prevent them. In public health, digital interventions based on mobile health technologies (M-health), especially those based on mobile phones, might be a crucial tool for the prevention of STIs and HIV. This systematic will review and summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of mobile phone-based interventions for the prevention of STIs and HIV. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The protocol was designed and will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). The protocol will include randomized controlled trials that assess the effect of interventions based on mobile phones for the prevention of STIs/HIV. The interventions of interest will be those targeting mobile phone users and should consist of providing information by mobile phone through any function or application that can be used or sent to, and that has been designed to educate, promote or modify sexual behaviors and prevent STIs, including HIV. The data sources to identify these studies will be the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE and MEDLINE. The risk of bias will be assessed using the tool recommended by Cochrane. Finally, a meta-analysis will be done and data will be presented following the GRADE method. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This research was exempted by the Ethics Committee of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (ID 171128002). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018099008.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluida el VIH, son un importante problema de salud pública. Cada día más de un millón de personas contraen una infección de transmisión sexual. Los sistemas de salud están buscando soluciones para mejorar la educación y lograr cambios en el comportamiento de las personas para prevenir infecciones de transmisión sexual. Las intervenciones digitales basadas en tecnologías móviles en salud (M-health), en especial las basadas en teléfonos móviles, podrían ser una importante herramienta en salud pública para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual/VIH. Esta revisión sistemática resume la evidencia sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones basadas en teléfonos móviles para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual/VIH. MÉTODOS Y ANÁLISIS: El protocolo fue diseñado y será reportado en concordancia con la directriz "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P)". Se incluirán ensayos controlados aleatorizados que evalúen el efecto de las intervenciones basadas en teléfonos móviles para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual/VIH. Las intervenciones de interés serán aquellas dirigidas a usuarios de teléfonos móviles, basada en cualquier función o aplicación que pueda usarse o enviarse y que hayan sido diseñadas para educar, promocionar o modificar conductas para reducir comportamiento sexual de riesgo y prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual incluyendo VIH. La búsqueda electrónica para identificar los estudios se realizará en el Registro Cochrane Central de ensayos controlados (CENTRAL), en EMBASE y MEDLINE/PubMed. Se evaluará el riesgo de sesgo utilizando la herramienta recomendada por la colaboración Cochrane. Se realizará metanálisis y se presentarán los datos mediante el método GRADE. ÉTICA Y DIFUSIÓN: Esta investigación fue inscrita en el comité de ética de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, aceptada y cuenta con certificado de resolución exenta de revisión (ID 171128002). NÚMERO DE REGISTRO: CRD42018099008.

A percepção dos gestores de esporte sobre jogos escolares brasileiros / Sports managers' perception of the brazilian school games / La percepción de los gestores de deportes sobre los juegos escolares brasileños

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a percepção de gestores de esporte sobre os Jogos Escolares Brasileiros. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi estruturadas. A análise e interpretação dos dados revelaram que um princípio estruturante que guiou os Jogos foi a identificação e seleção de talentos esportivos. Quanto ao papel dos atores, os gestores observaram conflito entre as Secretarias de Educação e Secretarias de Esporte sobre a governança dos Jogos. Em termos de financiamento, os gestores constataram que os recursos sempre foram públicos. Em termos de perspectivas futuras, os gestores consideram a governança dos Jogos como atribuição dos Ministérios de Esportes e Educação.

This study had the objective of investigate the perception of sports managers about the Brazil-ian School Games. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Analysis and interpretation of data revealed that one structuring principle that guided the Games was talent selection and identification of athletes. Regarding the role of agents, managers noted the conflict of owner-ship between the Education Secretariat and Sports Secretariat concerning the responsibility of the Games. In terms of financing, managers noted that public resources fund these Games over the years. In terms of the future perspectives, managers noted that the governance of the Games should rest in the Ministries of Sports and Education.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la percepción de gestores de deportes sobre los Juegos Escolares Brasileños. Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas. El análisis e inter-pretación de los datos reveló que un principio estructurante que guió los juegos fue la identifi-cación y selección de talentos deportivos. En cuanto al papel de los actores, los gestores ob-servaron conflicto entre las Secretarías de Educación y Secretarias de Deporte sobre la gober-nanza de los Juegos. En financiación, los gestores constataron quelos recursos siempre fueron públicos. En cuanto perspectivas futuras, los gestores consideran que la gobernanza de los juegos debe ser atribución de los Ministerios de Deportes y Educación.

The impact of volunteer experience at sport mega-events on intention to continue volunteering: Multigroup path analysis.

This study examined the impacts of volunteers' motivation and satisfaction through Olympic/Paralympic volunteering experiences on their intention to volunteer for future community events and the moderating role of previous volunteering experience in the relationships among motivations, satisfaction, and intention to continue volunteering. A sample of volunteers (N = 4,824) was drawn from the data collected by Nielsen during the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Responses from a total of 25 items of volunteer motivations, satisfaction, future intention to volunteer, and previous experience status were used for the study's analyses. Path analysis revealed that among the total sample, motivations had direct and indirect (through satisfaction) effects on intention to volunteer. Results of multigroup path analysis showed that the relationships among motivations, satisfaction, and intention vary by returning and first-time volunteers, supporting the moderating role of prior volunteering experience in the path model. This study provides a systematic examination of how volunteer motivations and satisfaction may operate differently or similarly between returning and first-time volunteers.

Polarization noise places severe constraints on coherence of all-normal dispersion femtosecond supercontinuum generation.

Supercontinuum (SC) generated with all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers has been of special interest in recent years due to its potentially superior coherence properties when compared to anomalous dispersion-pumped SC. However, care must be taken in the design of such sources since too long pump pulses and fiber length has been demonstrated to degrade the coherence. To assess the noise performance of ANDi fiber SC generation numerically, a scalar single-polarization model has so far been used, thereby excluding important sources of noise, such as polarization modulational instability (PMI). In this work we numerically study the influence of pump power, pulse length and fiber length on coherence and relative intensity noise (RIN), taking into account both polarization components in a standard ANDi fiber for SC generation pumped at 1064 nm. We demonstrate that the PMI introduces a power dependence not found in a scalar model, which means that even with short ~120 fs pump pulses the coherence of ANDi SC can be degraded at reasonable power levels above ~40 kW. We further demonstrate how the PMI significantly decreases the pump pulse length and fiber length at which the coherence of the ANDi SC is degraded. The numerical predictions are confirmed by RIN measurements of fs-pumped ANDi fiber SC.

Q-switch-pumped supercontinuum for ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography.

In this Letter, we investigate the possibility of using a commercially available Q-switch-pumped supercontinuum (QS-SC) source, operating in the kilohertz regime, for ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) in the 1300 nm region. The QS-SC source proves to be more intrinsically stable from pulse to pulse than a mode-locked-based SC (ML-SC) source while, at the same time, is less expensive. However, its pumping rate is lower than that used in ML-SC sources. Therefore, we investigate here specific conditions to make such a source usable for OCT. We compare images acquired with the QS-SC source and with a current state-of-the-art SC source used for imaging. We show that comparable visual contrast obtained with the two technologies is achievable by increasing the readout time of the camera to include a sufficient number of QS-SC pulses.

Impacto de la crisis económica en la rentabilidad de las empresas de gestión de instalaciones de ocio deportivo según tamaño, un estudio empírico / Impact of economic crisis on porfitability management business leisure sports facilities by size, an empirical study

El aumento de la práctica deportiva en la sociedad Española ha impulsado el crecimiento del volumen de negocio y número empresas de gestión de instalaciones deportivas. El citado crecimiento, se juzga claramente a partir del análisis de los ratios económicos financieros como es la rentabilidad económica media, y estos se ven en mayor o menor medida afectados por un entorno cambiante de crisis económica, según el tamaño de la organización. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el análisis el efecto en evolución de rentabilidad económica media, de las Organizaciones de Gestión de Instalaciones Deportivas Españolas antes y después de la crisis según su tamaño (micro, pequeña, mediana y grande). Para el análisis del presente estudio, se obtuvo la información contable y financiera de la bases de datos SABI de 1.670 empresas, registradas en el CNAE bajo el código 9311 entre los años 2004-2012, de las que se seleccionó una muestra de 319. Según los hallazgos, podemos afirmar que la crisis económica ha afectado a la rentabilidad económica de Organizaciones de Gestión de Instalaciones Deportivas Españolas de forma diferente según tamaño de las mismas, se constata que las organizaciones medianas son las mas eficientes en el uso de sus recursos económicos o en la obtención de beneficios de sus activos, en términos de valores medios de rentabilidad económica. Sin embargo, que las grandes, pequeñas y microempresas OGIDE, muestran valores medios de rentabilidad económica inferiores a los obtenidos anteriormente a la crisis económicas de 2008

Increasing the sport in the Spanish society has fueled the growth of turnover and number management companies sports facilities. Said growth is clearly judged from the economic analysis of financial ratios such as average profitability, and these are to a greater or lesser extent affected by a changing environment of economic crisis, according to the size of the organization. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect on evolution of average economic profitability of Management Organizations Sports Spanish before and after the crisis by size (micro, small, medium and large). For the analysis of this study, the accounting and financial information from the SABI data base of 1,670 companies registered under code 9311 NCEA between 2004-2012, of which a sample of 319 was selected was obtained According the findings, we can say that the economic crisis has affected the profitability of Management organizations Spanish sports differently depending on their size, it is found that midsize organizations are the most efficient in the use of their economic resources or in the profit of its assets, in terms of average values of economic profitability. However, that large, small and micro OGIDE show average values of lower economic returns to those obtained prior to the economic crisis of 2008

Effect of recreational diving on Patagonian rocky reefs.

Tourism has grown considerably in the last decades, promoting activities such as recreational SCUBA diving that may affect marine benthic communities. In Puerto Madryn, Patagonia Argentina, sub-aquatic tourism areas (STA) receive about 7,000 divers per year. Diving is concentrated on a few small rocky reefs and 50% of the dives occur in summer. In this work, we evaluated the effect of recreational diving activities on benthic communities and determined whether diving causes a press (long-term) or a pulse (short-term) response. We quantified the percentage cover of benthic organisms and compared benthic assemblage structure and composition between two sites with contrasting usage by divers, 'highly disturbed' and 'moderately disturbed' sites, and two 'control' sites with similar physical characteristics but no diving activity, twice before and after the diving peak in summer. We found differences in benthic assemblage structure (identity and relative abundance of taxa) and composition (identity only) among diving sites and controls. These differences were consistent before and after the peak of diving in summer, suggesting that recreational diving may produce a press impact on overall benthic assemblage structure and composition in these STA. At the moderately disturbed site, however, covers of specific taxa, such as some key habitat-forming or highly abundant species, usually differed from those in controls only immediately after summer, after which they begun to resemble controls, suggesting a pulse impact. Thus, STA in Golfo Nuevo seem to respond differently to disturbances of diving depending on the usage of the sites. This information is necessary to develop sound management strategies in order to preserve local biodiversity.